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Certainly, the highly-stable B. anthracis spore plays an important role in the importation of diverse genotypes into industrialized countries via transport and trade of contaminated commodities across large distances.
As could be witnessed in recent years during international foodborne disease outbreaks, tools and methodologies supporting efficient exposure assessments including the tracing back and forward of contaminated commodities are essential [ 2].
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In case enzymatic detoxification by a combination of FumD and FumI of a highly contaminated commodity is required, substrate inhibition of FumI may be avoided by adapting FumD activity to that of FumI, so that the HFB1 is continuously formed in sub-inhibitory concentrations.
Two PCR assays have been developed to detect Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus ochraceus, considered the main sources of ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminating commodities, particularly grapes, coffee and derivatives, in warm climates.
Fumonisins (FBs) most likely to contaminate commodities are, in decreasing order of occurrence, fumonisin B1 (fumonisinonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) [ 3].
Pathogens with novel traits may find ready access to human hosts via the food chain, through the handling of live animals, via aerosols emitted by animals in the intensive production units, in wet markets, through ingestion of manure contaminated food commodities, or related to waste disposal.
This fungus has been reported to contaminate agricultural commodities, but it has also been sampled in non-agricultural areas so the host range is not well known.
These fungal secondary metabolites exert a broad range of biological activities that may cause acute or chronic health problems in humans and animals after the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated commodities.
Various species of Fusarium can produce trichothecene mycotoxins that contaminate food commodities and can represent a risk for human and animal health.
Despite the fact that more Aspergillus-produced mycotoxins or Fusarium toxins were found, all commodities are at risk of being contaminated by these secondary metabolites of molds, which has a major economic impact on the grain trade and animal production.
Species transportation with a commodity occurs when traded organisms arrive contaminated by non-native species, including diseases and parasites.
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