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No influence of rank or age was found for the latencies to contact the object, the durations of investigating or manipulating in the pack condition (Tables A19, A20, A21).
Positive reinforcement is given by the realization of a stable grasp of the target object, and negative reinforcement is given for grasps that do not contact the object or are unstable enough to allow the object to slip from the hand.
Two "opposition axes" can be defined for such grasps: the opposition axis in the hand joining the virtual finger regions to be opposed to each other and the opposition axis in the object joining the regions where the virtual fingers contact the object.
Grasp stability is the result of selecting appropriate grasp sites on an object, defining hand preshaping, transporting the hand to enable the digits to contact the object, and, once in contact with the object, avoiding slippage by applying sufficient surface-normal forces in relation to any destabilizing surface-tangential forces at the individual digit-object interfaces.
While studies of parietal representation of object location test the encoding of the center of a visual target, reach-to-grasp movements direct the wrist to some region offset from this point so that the hand may contact the object's affordances appropriately.
Similar(55)
Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of the i-th manipulator (finger) contacting the object at the point (p_{c_i}).
The (unsigned) distance from the COM of the snake robot to the contact point is denoted by |COM|, and the angle between this vector and the link contacting the object is denoted as (angle {COM}).
When an object is placed on a liquid, its weight Fw depresses the surface, and is balanced by the surface tension forces on either side Fs, which are each parallel to the water's surface at the points where it contacts the object.
The whisker contacts the object at the point (x obj, y obj) at an angle θ obj.
Hires et al. found that the apparently irregular spikes coincided precisely with the timing of when the whiskers contacted the object.
This is still a feedback strategy in that the relative position of hand and target object is used to trigger the enclosure, but does so before the hand contacts the object as in the naïve feedback strategy.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com