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Other predictors and potential confounders included in the logistic regression analyses were location of hand hygiene observation, type of HCW (e.g., faculty physician, resident physician, medical student, nurse, etc)., and indication (before vs. after patient contact) observation.
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All water contact measurement tools, including direct water contact observations are only an indirect measure of true exposure, i.e. exposure to infectious cercariae.
We have maintained detailed direct water contact observations in Ndombo during the first years of the S. mansoni epidemic in Northern Senegal.
Moreover, direct water contact observations may be subject to 'observer effect', occurring when subjects alter their behaviour because an observer is present.
Direct water contact observations have more quantitative and qualitative value than water contact information based on questionnaires, which are easy to perform but have inherent well-known limitations such as overreporting, recall bias and information bias [ 55, 56].
We have conducted detailed direct water contact observations in a village in Northern Senegal during the first years of a massive Schistosoma mansoni outbreak to determine the role of human water contact in the extent of the epidemic.
12 15 We recently developed a non-contact infrared (IR) meibography technique that allows for non-contact observation of the structure of the meibomian gland with no discomfort to the patient.
Finally, the size of the used quartz microparticles (<2 µm) enables homogeneous soil-to-cell <span class="lh lhl">contacts (observations at the microscope, not shown) that, in turn, may promote a more efficient cell infection.
Prizes for natural science are rarely given to theory makers until their theories have survived contact with observation and experiment.
Wettability studies on planar solid surfaces are usually conducted by direct contact angle observation.
In several cases participants very clearly indicated that they sought the ancillaries of research: human contact; routine; observation and testing.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com