Ethanol production with the range 0.26 g/g (at pH 3.0) to 0.11 g/g (at pH 5.5) per initial glucose consumed was observed (with 56%% reduction in the yield).
Compared to the shake flask, an increased final biomass concentration with 0.298 ± 0.014 and 0.326 ± 0.011 g dry fungal biomass/g glucose consumed was observed while scaling up the pelletization process in the airlift and bubble column bioreactor, respectively.
However, a reduced ethanol production with 0.188 ± 0.004 g and 0.162 ± 0.002 g/g glucose consumed was observed in airlift and bubble column culture respectively, compared to the shake flask cultures.
Fungal biomass concentration 0.241, 0.225 and 0.303 g/g dry fungal biomass from initial glucose consumed with a maximum ethanol concentration of 0.232 ± 0.1, 0.259 ± 0.2, and 0.178 g ethanol/g glucose consumed was observed at agitation rate 100, 125 and 150 rpm respectively.
In addition, a maximal FFAs yield of 6.1% (i.e. 0.061 g FFAs /g glucose consumed) was observed in 12 16 h post-induction.
In addition, the maximal isopentenol yield of 12% (i.e. 0.12 g isopentenols/g glucose consumed) was observed in both YY159 and YY168.
Young smooth hammerheads are preyed upon by larger sharks such as the dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus); adults have been observed being consumed by killer whales (Orcinus orca) off New Zealand.
Lang and Otto [44] have recently reported that such a general assumption is not justified: larvae of the small tortoiseshell butterfly (Aglais urticae) have been observed to consume leaf-ribs, including midribs, although they feed on the latter to a lesser extent.
Though mostly carnivorous, several species of crocodilian have been observed to consume fruit, and this may play a role in seed dispersal.
The identity of Lichanura trivirgata as a constrictor, for example, is undisputed by herpetologists despite considerable behavioral plasticity (e.g., individuals of the species have been observed to consume already dead mice without first constricting them), and is coded in our matrix as such.
