CFA confirmed that the EPE measures three constructs: grammar proficiency, reading proficiency, and listening proficiency.
Some of the issues listed above have been considered in the construction of the CSE when proficiency levels are described, but further research is needed to support and guide the transition from the native-speaker norm to the view of English as a lingua franca.
As a member of the project team, I have been in charge of the construction of the CSE oral proficiency scale, through which I have gained opportunities to come to a deeper understanding of the roles played by each stakeholder group of the project (see Fig. 1 for an illustration).
This may also be true of mind maps because, although not investigated in medical students, researchers have demonstrated that mind map depth increases as students gain proficiency in their construction over time[ 13, 30].
The example of the CSE is expected to showcase the impact of contextual features on the goal of the CSE, the construct of English language proficiency to be adopted in the CSE, and the complexities involved in the construction and implementation of the CSE.
Emily served as Washington's liaison with the engineering team, and over time she displayed such proficiency in the issues of construction, materials, and cable fabrication that some observers concluded she had assumed the duties of chief engineer.
It allows for the construction of banks of items whose difficulty with respect to persons of various levels of proficiency can be accurately determined through trialling (Alderson et al. [1995]; Fulcher and Davidson [2007]).
Here we describe the construction of the recA- minicircle DNA producer E. coli HB101Cre using transient homologous recombination proficiency created by the plasmid-born recET genes and homology-mediated chromosomal "pop-in, pop-out" of a plasmid with a temperature sensitive replication origin, pBAD75Cre.
The biggest categories include one for special education, which totals $1.85 billion this year; one for construction, which totals $1.2 billion; and one to address "extraordinary needs," like a high number of students with limited proficiency in English.
With proficiency comes progress.
Proficiency engenders confidence.
