For this purpose, we constructed a variable that counted the number of years among t − 5, t − 4, and t − 3 in which the organization had a CHRO.
First, we construct a variable for linguistic distance where we count the share of foreigners from a country with only different national languages as the receiving country.
In this section, we construct a variable formulation for problem (1.1) and recall some classical results, which will be frequently used in this paper.
Subsequently, we constructed a variable that counted the number of years among t − 3, t − 2, and t − 1 in which one or more of the three organizations had a CHRO.
To measure the costs of informal sector work in a country, we construct a variable based on the legal and regulatory framework on the availability of, and access to, information of importance for tax compliance.
Based on this information, we construct a variable which we call 'postal code employment rate' defined as the percentage of individuals employed in the postal code area for each of 1,019 postal code areas.
Within physical health, we constructed a variable indicating historical diagnoses of two or more chronic illnesses, since the proportion of participants reporting one or more illnesses was very high (82%).
To capture changes in local market conditions, we construct a variable indicating the logarithm of the (national) salary in manufacturing when the individual was 18 years old and likely to be in their early working years.
To construct a variable for intended cellaring time, the year in which the wine was listed in the database was subtracted from the final year in the drinking period.
