To verify their calculations, American scientists constructed mock-up cascades of Iran's centrifuges, using machines of the same vintage taken from Libya.
During the process, students create multiple potential product designs, build mock-ups of their products, and field test the mock-ups.
Like many of his fellow award winners, Mr. Tiravanija creates interactive art; in the past, he has prepared food for audiences and constructed a mock-up of his apartment within a gallery space.
In Jersey City the architects constructed a scale mock-up of the Lincoln Center lawn that they studied through the seasons, testing various grass species.
Four teams -- from Swarthmore College, Sharif University of Technology in Tehran, the University of Edinburgh and Utah State University -- designed the robots and let them loose in a specially constructed full-size mock-up of a building interior.
During the production of the third season, special effects supervisor Dave Gauthier constructed an elaborate mock-up of a Boeing 737 airplane in order to be able to simulate a crash.
The department also plans to construct "granite cobble mock-ups" in the neighborhood for public review before a final blueprint reaches the local community board and the Landmarks Preservation Commission.
For extra insurance, architects have even been known to construct full-scale mock-ups of sections of their buildings -- using all the same materials -- as an expensive but foolproof way to teach inexperienced workers the needed skills.
60 ST of steel were used to construct the bridge ship mock-up, which was 18 percent smaller than the original.
During a four-month period, the two companies were each required to construct full-scale wooden mock-ups, which would then be evaluated at the USAF's Radar Target Scatter (RATSCAT) test facility at White Sands, New Mexico.
The mock-up was constructed in such a way that four different structural configurations could be investigated experimentally.
