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So does Ms. Calkins, who writes in "The Art of Teaching Reading" that children must be encouraged "to construct their own understanding of phonics".
She also said -- and she covered her face in embarrassment when saying it -- that she didn't think most teachers were skilled enough for this constructivist pedagogy, in which teachers act as coaches to help children "construct" their own understanding.
"Everybody has an opinion about the Middle East," she says, "With this map-based project, people can explore from different angles— they have the freedom to construct their own understanding and form their own conclusions".
Instead, students construct their own understanding through self-directed learning (Hmelo-Silver 2004).
This development allows students to construct their own understanding of science as a process (McIntosh 2001) and to build their own framework for using and analyzing information.
While non-lab students were not engaged in a hands-on, inquiry-based lab experience, PLTL workshops provided an active-learning environment for students to construct their own understanding of scientific concepts within a social context.
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Once these are taken into consideration, a new learning structure emerges, one that encourages the learner to "construct their own understandings and then to validate, through social negotiation, these new perspectives" [10: 57-58].
This autobiographical exercise was complemented with creative participatory techniques, mainly time line drawing, where participants were asked to draw a summary of their life in a timeline, and to then reflect on and construct their own understandings of the themes that are discussed (Pain & Francis, 2003).
Cognitive research on children's alternative ideas is generally accepted to have begun with Piaget's traditional structured clinical interview (Piaget and Inhelder, 1967), which demonstrated that children construct their own understandings based on their interactions with the world (Turkle, 2008).
Current ways to help with preparations by receiving parties include the pre-transition use of status boards in emergency departments [ 48] or the developing practice of chart biopsy [ 49] which is occurring among physicians as they exploit the affordances of new electronic records to begin constructing their own understandings of patients before receiving a handoff.
Images can be designed that challenge viewers to question the content and therefore construct their own explanations, which are cognitive processes that encourage learners to build understanding (e.g., Chi et al. [1989]; Ainsworth and Loizou [2003]).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com