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Some have objected that the story is misleading because evolution does not construct organisms from scratch, piece by piece (Bechtel 2009b).
Bio-based chemical production uses metabolic engineering to construct organisms that make high-value, high-purity, renewable sugar-based chemicals, such as succinic acid, 1, 4-butanediol (BDO), isobutanol, and acetic acid.
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The information needed to construct organism, to put it simply, is the information needed to express proteins in time, in space, and in quantity.
To calculate this information, we need to construct organism mathematically using permutation and combination formulas based on the numbers of proteins and cell types.
Although proteins and other molecules may contain information beside DNA genetic information, most information that can pass to next generation is in DNA, so DNA directly controls enough information to construct organism.
Here we propose a method to calculate the minimal amount of genomic information needed to construct organism (effective information) as a measure of organismal complexity, by using permutation and combination formulas and Shannon's information concept.
Assuming the constructed organism satisfies all the design criteria and is robust to the uncertainty just described, is it reasonable to release it into the field?
Molecular biotechnology is a potent tool to elucidate the mechanisms at molecular level, and to construct engineered organisms with higher biosorption capacity and selectivity for the objective metal ions.
Synthetic biology could become a more radical version of tissue engineering by allowing scientists and engineers to work not just with existing biological material but to actually construct new organisms.
Experiments to construct new organisms whose grouping scheme is disrupted will also be performed.
Here we take the amount of minimal information needed to construct an organism as a measure of organism phenotypic complexity because apparently more complex organisms should need more minimal information to construct and simple organisms are supposed to need less information to construct.
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