PDVs are therefore likely to display molecular signatures which reflect constraints imposed both by the wasp and the host caterpillar.
The constraints set by BCML, which reflect the ones set up by SBGN, are also important in ensuring that a pathway will be designed in the correct form from the start.
Most comparative genomics methods rely on local alignment of orthologous promoters or statistical measures of sequence overrepresentation (Cliften et al., 2003; Kellis et al., 2003; Li and Wong, 2005; Moses et al., 2004; Siddharthan et al., 2005; Sinha et al., 2004), neither of which reflect the evolutionary constraints on regulatory sequence.
The fitness function contains terms which reflect the design objectives such as cycle energy, constraints, and fuel cost.
In the second part of the study, the estimated technical and scale efficiency scores were regressed against a set of environmental characteristics, which reflect differences in primary care organization, economic incentives, financial constraints, geographic and demographic factors and local peculiarities.
The gradient features which reflect the boundaries of objects are used as propagation constraint, including both horizontal and vertical gradients.
w− ij ∈ [0, 1], which reflect the degree of linking of a pair of data points O i, O j, 1 ≤ i < j ≤ N. The task is to integrate these constraints meaningfully and consistently into the EM routine.
By altering the adjustable structural properties (in semi-active unit) and control parameters (in active unit), a search is conducted to minimize an objective function subject to constraints, which may reflect performance characteristics.
The problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Quadratically Constraint Programming (MIQCP) model, which reflects the objective and specific constrains from practice.
Shadow price: this is the marginal change in NPV arising from a change in the constraint fund requirement L which reflects management's decisions about period-to-period cashflow management for the insurance program. .
