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In such a scenario, the genetic drift effect increases and selective constraints strength decreases, incrementing thus the probability of gene copy preservation and subfunctionalization after gene duplication.
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The constraint strength of the magnetic pressure increases with the augment of current intensity.
A figure example to show the relationship between reweighted factors and sparse constraint strength is given in Figure 3.
Considering these two aspects, we employed 0.10 × 1011 electrons/m3 as the constraint strength because of relatively small smear and the discrepancy between the assumed and the recovered amplitudes.
According to the cost function (8), the corresponding update equation can be derived as Figure 3 Sparse constraint strength comparison using different reweights.
Given that the raw pBLS value, which is not adjusted for multiple testing, is a continuous estimate of the cluster constraint strength, classifying clusters into significant and nonsignificant unbalanced categories will yield a further loss of statistical power (Pearson 1913).
As a structural requirement, either the stiffness constraint or strength constraint was selected.
The design constraints include strength constraints for all elements of the structure, buckling constraints for bars, and shape constraints.
The objective function is minimized subjected to the design constraints of strength (stress) and serviceability (deflection).
The problem consists in minimizing the material area of a thin-walled closed cross-section symmetrical with respect to both x and y centroidal axes, and subjected to flexural and torsional rigidity constraints and strength constraints.
Based on sequential quadratic programming, structural optimization of hemispherical hydraulic cylinder for weight reduction has been carried out within the range of constraints including strength and stiffness conditions.
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