For instance, to suggest that the lack of variation is a constraint or limit on selection only makes sense in regard to Darwinian "natural selection" (#1); while in regard to the other concepts (#2 or #3), invoking the absence of a variation as a constraint or limit is nonsensical, like saying that the absence of mass is a constraint on the force of gravity.
A measure of the amount of force spent in the control process is also determined to assess the effect of displacement constraint on the force expenditure.
Here, I attempted to draw a broad outline on fluid dynamic mechanisms found in flapping insect wings such as leading edge vorticity, rotational circulation and wake capture momentum transfer, as well as on the constraints of flight force control by the neuromuscular system of the fruit fly Drosophila.
Owing to the existence of redundant constraints, the force and moment equilibrium equations of a passive overconstrained PM are insufficient to determine all the driving forces/torques and constraint forces/moments.
But she quickly adapted to the constraints of the grand coalition, forced upon her by the CDU's narrow victory.
However, the poor structural complexity afforded by the square and triangle, combined with the small variety of tested transformations, and, above all, the constraints of the two-alternative forced-choice task (see Section 3.3.1), did not yet allow engaging the full complexity of rat recognition strategy.
All these newly introduced atoms without three-dimensional crystal coordinates treated flexible and the rest under harmonic constraints with the force constant of 100 kcal/mol/Å, each AR antiandrogen complex structure was energetically minimized with one round of 100-step steepest decent followed by two rounds of 100-step Adopted-Basis Newton Raphson (ABNR) energy minimization.
Under the constraints of the CVFF molecular mechanics force field, such a model of the three-dimensional structure of this gp120 segment could be generated without violation of protein stereochemistry.
The distribution of the driving forces/torques of an active overconstrained PM under different optimization goals [65, 66, 67, 68, 69] can be viewed as a constrained optimization problem, i.e., the minimum set of solutions of the objective function under the constraints of force and moment balance need to be solved.
