The dashed line from the origin (A-F) represents the budget constraint in the absence of the welfare programmes, with slope equal to the wage rate.
But, if the dS of TE is lower than the dS of host gene under similar or higher levels of selective constraints and in the absence of strong codon usage bias, HT events can be inferred.
In a time of severe financial constraints and in the absence of strong data on influenza burden and effectiveness of vaccination, it is difficult for many EU/EEA countries to prioritise influenza prevention over other perceived more pressing health issues.
Scientists who volunteer for outreach activities view these as ancillary to their primary university responsibilities, and report that lack of flexibility in scheduling, time constraints, and the absence of university value placed on this volunteer work detracts from significant time devoted to work with schools (Pelaez and Gonzalez, 2002).
The buildup of toxic intermediates is difficult to simulate accurately with constraint-based methods because, in the absence of knowledge that the cell will produce a metabolite even if it cannot be broken down, there is no way to predict the production of toxic metabolites.
In the presence of the c.o.m. constraint, this force is neutralized, whereas, in the absence of the constraint, the smaller number of positive charges on the n-terminal side is not sufficient to counteract fully.
These disadvantages suggest that, even barring the biological constraints discussed above, the absence of wheels in multicellular life may not, in fact, be the "missed opportunity" of biology that it first seems.
Although there were no differences in the length of the incubation period or hatching success between high- and low-disturbance nests, it has previously been shown that the prenatal environment can exert constraints on postnatal development even in the absence of effects on incubation period or hatching success (Nilsson et al., 2008).
The overlay highlights a key difference between the two models: the DAM was generated with P2 symmetry constraints, whereas the fleximers were generated from an initially symmetrical dimer in the absence of symmetrical constraints.
Such constraints might explain the absence of positive allometry in a trait that is related to locomotion or other viability related functions.
