In search of an alternate perspective for measuring financial constraints, Almeida et al. (2004) propose the "propensity of firms to save cash out of cash flows" (cash flow sensitivity of cash) as a proxy for liquidity constraints, because only constrained firms will manage liquidity to maximize their value.
Based on the report's findings, Freedom House developed a numerical system for measuring national Internet freedom based on constraints such as content censorship, limited or no access to certain websites, banned technologies, surveillance methods and more.
But this opens up some very exciting arenas for looking at adaptation, for looking at evolutionary constraints, and capacity measuring gene flow across landscapes, measuring gene flow heterogeneity across genomes, islands of divergence, and looking at genotype environment associations.
Torsion angle constraints were measured in the TOCSY spectrum with increased processing resolution and identified for residues F19, F20, D23, G25 and G33.
The effects of adding constraints for statistical performance measures, such as Type I error rate and the power of the chart, are extensively investigated.
Additional computational method development led to the formulation of constraints for flux balancing from measured flux ratios [ 48, 49].
Theoretical studies have used two approaches to quantify genetic constraints (for a review of measures, see Walsh and Blows 2009).
Therefore, the construction workers (i) define situations with high levels of exposure at their current worksite; (ii) learn how technical control measures should be used to reduce this exposure; (iii) discuss constraints for using technical control measures; and (iv) define solutions to tackle these constraints.
At the core of every successful design is a set of simply defined constraints that you measure your ideas against.
For females, genetic covariances had very little effect on the predicted evolvability, as opposed to the slight increase in deflection and thus constraint as measured by deflection.
