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Linking this debate to philosophical ideas about causation can help us evaluate whether evolutionary constraints count as genuine alternatives.
Whatever the position on whether constraints count as causes, the lesson to be taken from this part of the adaptationism debate is that it is essential to precisely specify the rival evolutionary hypotheses.
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For the first alternative grouping, we removed all grouping constraints, counted each source and prediction method separately, and assigned equal weight to each.
In the glass, MD constraint counting closely matches Maxwell enumeration of constraints using the octet binding (8-N) rule.
Overall, these results provide a microscopic rationale for extending constraint counting from chalcogenides to complex oxides, and also a numerical basis for recent functional forms of temperature-dependent constraints proposed from energy landscape approaches.
The price for the PhD thesis was awarded to Dr. Simone Fulle from the group of Prof. Dr. Holger Gohlke, Goethe University of Frankfurt for her dissertation "Constraint counting on RNA and ribosomal structures: Linking flexibility and function".
We thus set out to analyze global and local flexibility characteristics of the ribosomal exit tunnel by constraint counting on topological network representations of large ribosomal subunits from four different organisms [2, 3].
In previous works, the DCM was solved using Maxwell constraint counting (MCC), which is viewed in today's language as a mean field approximation (MFA) that ignores detailed information about constraint topology except the average constraint density [ 24].
As such, two-state protein thermodynamics can be captured because the constraint counting errors self-average out in each state, while stark differences between the folded and unfolded states are easy to characterize within MCC.
For generic body-bar networks, exact constraint counting using an integer algorithm was previously implemented as a pebble game (PG) [ 15], which serves here as the starting point for the VPG.
A prevailing view within evolutionary biology is that constraints must count as causal influences, whatever our account of causation (whether it be by prevention or by omission, see Woodward 2003 for discussion).
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