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Among these are the ion content, size of the polyion and counterion, dielectric constant of the host, Tg of the polymer, rigidity or persistence length of the backbone, position of the ion pair relative to the backbone, steric constraints, amount and nature of added additive (plasticizer), thermal history, etc.
The variables for the heterogeneity analyses were chosen as the effects of permanent income shocks on the outcomes we study are likely to vary by wealth/liquidity constraints, amount received, and gender (see, e.g. Hernani-Limarino and Mena 2015; Jappelli and Pistaferri 2010; Kaushal 2014).
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Academics don't let themselves be free, so pathologising external constraints amounts to somewhat of a double standard.
The number of constraints amounts to ( B cdot left( {J + 3} right) + K cdot W - 1 ) (not counting the redundant constraints (4) and the lower bounds defined in (6)).
Functional constraint (amount of intolerance towards nucleotide substitution) within the viral genome can be estimated by the rate of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions.
This latter constraint amounts to maximizing the entropy of the probability distribution in question.
Sansom (2003) argued that the debate over the evolutionary importance of constraint amounts to an issue about the relative causal contributions of constraint and natural selection to evolutionary outcomes.
This transformation can be expressed as W = VU, where U is some orthogonal matrix of size L. The equal energy constraint amounts to the fact that all diagonal entries of M = U H (V H SV)U must be equal.
Owing to constraints in amount of tumour material available from frozen core biopsies after manual dissection, we assessed the reproducibility and quality of profiles obtained with 250, 500 and 1000 ng of tumour DNA.
When busy, community nurses' workload may be very heavy due to time constraints, large amount of documentation or due to taking on extra clients and responsibilities when staff are on leave or sick.
The middleware is driven by constraints on amounts and timing of data like real-time control loops, camera images, and database access.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com