Rice blast, caused by the ascomycete Magnaporthe oryzae (Mo), imposes a major constraint on rice productivity.
Abiotic stresses (such as high salinity, drought, flood and high and low temperatures) cause the greatest constraint on crop productivity.
Despite such use, soil N deficiency remains a major constraint on crop productivity in many developing countries.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05553.002 African Animal Trypanosomiasis is one of the major constraints on the productivity of pastoralists in sub-Saharan Africa and can be caused by infection by a range of trypanosome species (Shaw, 2004), while infections of humans are caused by only two subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei (Laveran, 1902; Pays and Vanhollebeke, 2009).
The metabolic burdens on microbial workhorses lead to undesirable physiological changes, placing hidden constraints on host productivity.
Although certain biomes are sensitive to constraints on biomass productivity and others to atmospheric conditions promoting combustion, substantial and rapid shifts are projected for future fire activity across vast portions of the globe.
In particular, abiotic stresses, which include drought, heat and salinity, are amongst the biggest constraints on crop productivity [ 1, 2].
For dairy products, there is a market constraint on total production which has resulted in an increase in productivity per cow and a decrease in number of animals.
Disease and related mortality remain significant constraints to productivity.
Low temperature (LT) is accordingly one of the major constraints on rice production and productivity in the temperate rice-growing countries and high-altitude tropical areas (Kanada 1974; Shimono et al. 2002; Andaya and Tai 2006; Oliver et al. 2007; Suzuki et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2013).
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major worldwide constraint to crop productivity on acidic soils.
