The estimates of the parameters under the null hypotheses can be obtained with the same EM algorithm derived for the alternative hypotheses but with a constraint of the tested effect equal to zero.
Accordingly, input test signals require to be designed to maximise the information content from the identification, subject to the practical limit and rate constraints of the test environment.
In both cases, it is the structural constraints of the testing procedure itself, not a difference in underlying latent variables, that results in a difference in the empirical ROC curves.
Because of technological constraints, the test is of primary use at low and intermediate ion counts, above which detector saturation causes substantial bias to the recorded ion count.
This constraint reduces the power of the test, but it does not affect its validity since even very large chromatographic peaks, which are severely saturated near their apexes, will have low ion counts near their edges, to which the test can be applied.
Using in situ Laue diffraction and crystal plasticity simulations it is shown that plastic deformation is initially controlled by the boundary constraints of the microcompression tests, followed by classical crystal plasticity for uniaxial compression.
Further, we suggest an analytical optimal ADT design method for more efficient reliability demonstration by minimizing the asymptotic variance of decision variable in reliability demonstration under the constraints of sample size, test duration, test cost, and predetermined decision risks.
We can note first for the series (a) the absence of the fringes for SLB since the constraint is weak at the beginning of the test.
We test afterwards the rate constraint of the hard-QoS users by using (15).
Because of the limitations of the test bin dimensions, only the spread foundation was studied in the test, ignoring the constraint of the building on top.
