The bottom surface of the S1 vertebral body was rigidly constrained for all models and the lumbar were flexed by the applied loads [ 28].
Sites where A is the preferred state, on the other hand, are inferred constrained for all γfunc < 0. When BGC is acting, this pattern switches: conservation will be inferred at sites where C is weakly preferred, whereas sites where A is weakly preferred now appear to have evolved neutrally.
Macrocyclization is the key constraining element for all secondary structures.
In the null model, the selection intensity is constrained to 1 for all branches, whereas in the alternative model k is allowed to differ between reference and test groups.
Using the marginal parameterization with a standardized factor (Asparouhov and Muthén 2016; Millsap and Yun-Tein 2004; Muthén and Asparouhov 2002), the variance of (y_{i}^) is constrained to be 1 for all items; the mean and the variance of the latent trait ((eta)) are constrained to be 0 and 1, respectively [see Kamata and Bauer (2008) for other parameterizations in the binary FA model].
If we make the ternary relation symmetrical in its first two places, that is, we constrain it so that, for all worlds a, b, and c, if Rabc then Rbac, then we make valid the thesis A → ((A → B) → B).
One possibility is that the unrealistic increase in harvest rates for older bears (age>7; Figure 6D) represents the model's attempt to account for an increase in non-hunting mortality rates, which were constrained to be constant for all bears ≥2 years old.
The relocation probability was also constrained to be constant for all individuals for all occasions.
The resulting GTR+Γ+I model parameters were used for the Maximum Likelihood tree reconstruction for the unconstrained tree as well as for all constrained trees.
Her theory defines power as "a network of social boundaries that constrain and enable action for all actors" (Hayward 2000, p. 11).
