Standardized testing has constrained teacher autonomy and creativity, and charter and private schools have competed more aggressively for government funds.
In doing so, however, medicine tipped the balance too far by ignoring the possibility of constraining patient autonomy.
Moreover, internal physical or psychological influences, such as addictions or mental problems, are perceived as further constraining the autonomy of a person.
But even at this point, Appiah still fears that racial identification may constrain individual autonomy by requiring members of racial groups to behave according to certain cultural norms or "scripts" that have become dominant within a specific racial group.
Social research has documented customs of gender stratification that constrain female autonomy with respect to decision making, household governance and health seeking behavior [ 22].
Decisions are often made by parents, not the child although there is debate around the role of children, with the model of constrained parental autonomy suggesting that parents make decisions for their children but this autonomy is not absolute[ 21].
Hendershot and colleagues (2013) identify important historical advances in understanding in this field as they eloquently articulate a range of benefits that flow from constraining individual autonomy for population health benefit.
It guides their actions without constraining their autonomy--as formal rules or micromanagement practices do.
Known links between occupational and environmental stressors and preterm birth [ 89], for example, raise the previously discussed concerns about health disparities and preterm birth, and pose a challenge for maternal autonomy constrained by the tragic exigencies of poverty.
Drawing on the common property framework mentioned earlier, Kremer et al.'s description of the situation suggests that the committee's lack of rule-setting autonomy, constrained by tradition and policy, is a major impediment to the emergence of effective local governance.
