Your English writing platform
Discover LudwigExact(5)
At first blush, it might seem that a government shutdown would have a positive effect on the budget deficit, reducing its growth by constraining spending.
For starters, high levels of private and public debt are constraining spending – especially growth-enhancing capital spending, which fell (as a share of GDP) after the global financial crisis and has not recovered to pre-crisis levels.
"The problem with this type of a situation, where consumers become more concerned with reducing debt and constraining spending, is you have no idea how long it will last," he added.
For a Congress whose members routinely discuss the importance of adding jobs and constraining spending, an F.A.A. shutdown that lays off workers and makes projects more expensive would seem to go against common sense.
"The message is that if momentum builds on constraining spending, science is going to be hit, unless we can show that the investments are worth it".
Similar(55)
In Germany and France, governments have had to push through reforms to try to constrain spending.
Any benefits limit that constrains spending will therefore force a trade-off between working-age welfare and pensions.
"Consumers also remain quite pessimistic about their future earnings, a sentiment that will likely constrain spending during the holidays," said Lynn Franco, director of the Conference Board's Consumer Research Center.
Although the current recession is not expected to dampen passenger growth for long, ballooning government debt will constrain spending for years.
And contrary to Mr. Norquist's theory, the tax cuts of the George W. Bush years did not constrain spending, which rose as a share of the G.D.P. almost every year of his administration (as the raw data confirms).
Physician profiling is another process that has been used in an attempt to constrain spending and reduce inpatient length of stay [ 17- 19].
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com