Model 3 constrained measured variable thresholds to equality across groups to create the strong factorial invariance model.
Another notable difference is that most prior studies employed a forced choice task to obtain size judgments (i.e., large or small; e.g., Klink, 2000, 2009; Sapir, 1929), whereas we used a variety of less constraining measures of perceived size.
Constraining outcome measures to only self-reported methods, such as using the 1-item AUSCAN stiffness subscale to measure stiffness, may reduce the ability to capture the full dimension of the impairment [ 56].
In addition to constraining the measured independent variables directly, knowledge about the dependent fluxes in the example yeast network was used to constrain the network.
RNA-seq technology is capable of discovering novel transcripts and novel isoforms as it is not constrained to measure only pre-defined transcripts, as is the microarray.
Although we did not attempt to constrain or measure the whole arm posture, we observed that subjects generally kept the back of the hand nearly horizontal (Hore et al. 1992; Gielen et al. 1997).
"People working on this problem in the past have typically used multiple sound sources and a whole lot of microphones in very constrained, precisely measured arrangements," Dokmanic says.
As will be shown in the Results section, there was very high concentration on RTE = 1 in the MCBS, which may constrain some measures of association from having high values.
The proposed approach, which has been suggested by Fedorov's idea of directly constrained design measures, consists in imposing constraints on the sensor density in a given spatial domain.
The proposed approach exploits the notion of directly constrained design measures recently introduced in modern optimum experimental design theory which leads to an extremely fast iterative procedure of exchange type.
