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Only the most recently formed plastic hinge is active, whereas all previously formed plastic hinges experience elastic relief, and the plastic kinks present there act as constraining load (Fig. 6).
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This paper has proposed a probabilistic TEP model with a chance constrained load curtailment index.
An ant colony system (ACS) method for constrained load flow problem was proposed in [64].
In this paper, a probabilistic TEP approach is proposed with the integration of a chance constrained load curtailment index.
A chanced constrained load curtailment index is proposed; A risk based probabilistic TEP model is proposed with the consideration of planning uncertainties; A novel hybrid solution algorithm in an iterative process is proposed to solve the formulated multistage programming problem.
Conclusions: This constrained, true load sharing system appears to attain the goals of stabilizing the spine after surgery or trauma while promoting earlier and more substantial bone graft incorporation.
The variance of the latent variable for each group was identified by constraining the loading of item 1 to be equal across groups.
Each indicator (questionnaire item) was constrained to load onto the factor it was designated to measure and residual terms for all indicators were fixed to be uncorrelated.
The items were constrained to load on one factor only, error terms were not allowed to correlate and the variance of the factors was fixed to 1. Second, we tested a hierarchical five-factor model, in which the five factors were indicators of an overall mindfulness factor.
The hollow fibers do not provide selectivity but serve as a form of structured packing, so that the fluid mechanics in the column is not constrained by loading and flooding.
The model is further validated in comparison to experiments under different constrained axial loading conditions and found to capture the constraint effect on stiffness, yield, post-yield hardening, and post-yield transverse strain behavior.
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