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Stable isotope mass balance modeling and measurement techniques provide new approaches to constraining estimates of denitrification integrated over several temporal and spatial scales.
As expected, this reduction in loss is at the cost of increasing bias, over and above that introduced by constraining estimates to the parameter space in standard REML analyses.
A more recent study of Meyer and Kirkpatrick [ 19] has listed three sources of bias of reduced rank estimates: spread of sample roots, constraining estimates to the parameter space and picking up the wrong subset of the genetic PC, if too few PC are fitted.
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Thompson coho survival rates (and those of other Fraser River populations) are therefore best explained by taking account of the variation among populations and years in the day-of-year of the fish release, and constraining estimated φ parameters to be a function of these days.
Groundwater age tracers are often measured to help constrain estimates of groundwater recharge, especially in arid environments where other methods are unsuitable.
Contrasts of this magnitude are often exceeded in alluvial environments and thus simultaneous measurement of solute and pressure has the potential to constrain estimates of exchange flux in a way not possible with pressure measurements alone.
Through modelling our data, we show that when unsaturated zone 14C activities are known, measurement of the 14C profile can help constrain estimates of recharge and its spatial variability.
To better constrain estimates of N and Po, σ2/I relationships obtained under multiple conditions in the same patch were fit simultaneously [23].
Solving this problem requires extensive spatial and temporal sampling of water or some other stationary biogenic proxy for local water chemistry in order to constrain estimates of seasonal and temporal variation in composition at a given location.
Our analysis shows that better constraints on entrainment coefficients for volcanic plumes and more precise observations of plume height are required to obtain tightly constrained estimates of the source mass flux.
Based on our results we develop a universal scaling equation between the total circumference of the stylopodia and body mass that is applicable to all terrestrial quadrupeds, and permits estimation of body mass in extinct taxa along with an error factor that can constrain estimates for use in future paleobiological studies.
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