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Thompson coho survival rates (and those of other Fraser River populations) are therefore best explained by taking account of the variation among populations and years in the day-of-year of the fish release, and constraining estimated φ parameters to be a function of these days.
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Stable isotope mass balance modeling and measurement techniques provide new approaches to constraining estimates of denitrification integrated over several temporal and spatial scales.
As expected, this reduction in loss is at the cost of increasing bias, over and above that introduced by constraining estimates to the parameter space in standard REML analyses.
A more recent study of Meyer and Kirkpatrick [ 19] has listed three sources of bias of reduced rank estimates: spread of sample roots, constraining estimates to the parameter space and picking up the wrong subset of the genetic PC, if too few PC are fitted.
Because of the simplicity of the motion model, interval constraints could be used and the constrained estimate could be obtained in one step.
Groundwater age tracers are often measured to help constrain estimates of groundwater recharge, especially in arid environments where other methods are unsuitable.
If finally no node is found within the sphere, the ID constrained estimate is taken as the solution (bar {mathbf {S}}), as expressed in the equality below: {tilde{mathbf{S}}_{{mathbf{ID - FSD}}}} = bar{mathbf{S}} (15).
Contrasts of this magnitude are often exceeded in alluvial environments and thus simultaneous measurement of solute and pressure has the potential to constrain estimates of exchange flux in a way not possible with pressure measurements alone.
Through modelling our data, we show that when unsaturated zone 14C activities are known, measurement of the 14C profile can help constrain estimates of recharge and its spatial variability.
The constrained estimate can be written as tilde{mathbf{x}}_{k} = text{argmin}_{mathbf{x}}(mathbf{x} - hat{mathbf{x}}_{k})^{mathrm{T}}mathbf{W}(mathbf{x} - hat{mathbf{x}}_{k}), mathrm{s.t.} boldsymbol{Psi}_{k}mathbf{x} leq boldsymbol{beta}_{k}, (6).
Solving this problem requires extensive spatial and temporal sampling of water or some other stationary biogenic proxy for local water chemistry in order to constrain estimates of seasonal and temporal variation in composition at a given location.
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