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They are subsequently constrained to represent a change of reference point, and further restricted to lie in the plane of the section.
Because of the complexity of urban systems, the framework of basic CA is too simplified and constrained to represent real cities.
The intensity of subspectrum 1 has been constrained to represent 14.3% of the total intensity (4 out of 28 Fe atoms); allowing the relative intensities of subspectra 1 and 2 to vary freely did not improve the fit significantly.
To test the hypothesis of monophyly of Escovopsis isolated from G4 colonies, we compared the observed, optimal tree (alternative hypothesis) to trees constrained to represent the null hypothesis of a single origin of G4 Escovopsis.
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In Model-4, Sus cebifrons and Sus scrofa China were constrained to be monophyletic, representing possible migration from MSEA to the Philippines [ 31].
In Model-3, Sus barbatus and Sus scrofa Sumatra were constrained to be monophyletic, representing known admixture between these two species/populations.
N(μ i,j | μH,σ δ({ μ i,j, μ H } > 0) and N(μ i,j | μC,σ δ({ μ i,j, μ C } < 0) represent Normal density functions, constrained to be positive or negative, depending on if the shared polymorphisms is exceedingly hot or cold.
The beam elements that represented the reinforcing bars were constrained to be within the solid elements with the CONSTRAINED_LAGRANCE_IN_SOLID card.
No calibrations were constrained to be monophyletic.
Due to the nonlinearity of the transformation between the frontal and the profile pose, we were constrained to not represent the global face but to restrict to its main components (eyes, nose, mouth, chin) and to use kernel functions.
To model fumarase deficiency the reaction that represents the fumarase enzyme in the model (R01082MM) was constrained to different flux values representing reduced enzyme activity and an objective function of maximum ATP production used.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com