All estimates are constrained to sum to zero.
Deflections from the grand mean representing effect of condition were constrained to sum to zero across conditions.
As a BSS problem, sources in the blind spectral unmixing problem are clearly not independent since they are related to fractional abundances, in fact, they are constrained to sum up to one, i.e. ∑ i = 1 n S i = 1.
The genomic cline parameter α represents a deviation from the ancestry probability predicted solely from hybrid index and is constrained to sum to zero.
The weights are constrained to sum to 1 and be between 0 and 1, thereby reducing dimensionality and addressing issues associated with collinearity.
In the refinement model the occupancies of the pairs of N2 and N2A, O3 and O3A, O4 and O4A, were constrained to sum to unity, and for each pair the displacement parameters were constrained to be the same.
Other articles have investigated the mixture of pollutants associated with adverse health outcomes by assigning weights to each air pollutant that were explicitly estimated during the fitting process and constrained to sum to one (Roberts 2006a, 2006b).
We constrained the sum of the variance of the measured locus of interest,, and the residual polygenic variance,, such that they agree with external estimates of the total polygenic variance (Antoniou et al, 2002).
As no prior is placed on the vector of probabilities in the dexamethasone population, they are explicitly constrained to sum to 1 via the rescaling: This model was fit in the WinBUGS software package [ 20], with results sampled from 100 000 simulations following a burn-in of 50 000.
For this purpose, response surface methodology based on a simplex centroid mixture design with constrain (sum of salt percentages = 10%) was used.
