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Since by-product formation in E. coli typically occurs under the anaerobic condition, we also constrained oxygen uptake rate to zero.
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Thus, the temperature of 277 ± 10 °C assessed by chlorite thermometry is also the temperature of the hydrothermal fluid during magnetite veins' precipitation and can be used to constrain the oxygen isotopes fractionation between hydrothermal fluid and magnetite.
This strain was simulated constraining the oxygen uptake flux to 20 mmol/gDW/hr.
Anaerobic conditions were simulated with the iTO977 model by constraining the oxygen uptake rate to zero, but also allowing for uptake of sterols to simulate that these compounds are supplied to the media for anaerobic growth.
To simulate anaerobic growth, the oxygen exchange reaction may be constrained to disallow oxygen uptake.
As trees are able to grow at higher altitudes, snow leopards may be pushed further uphill, but could be constrained by limited oxygen at high altitude.
With the fluxes through the two reactions catalyzed by these enzymes constrained to zero, the oxygen demand was greatly reduced because oxygen was not needed to serve as a final electron acceptor for ATP synthesis.
The formation of 2DEG was attributed to oxygen vacancies constrained near the interface, suggesting that the redox reactions on the surface of STO substrates play an important role [25].
Under both conditions, we constrained sucrose uptake rate, oxygen uptake rate and cell growth rate with experimentally measured values (Lakshmanan et al. 2013).
For simulation purposes the uptake of glucose, NH3 and oxygen were constrained in the model according to the measured values for each experiment.
To assess the impact of anaerobic constraints on model predictions, we performed simulations by varying the activation or inhibition of the following specific constraints: i) oxygen uptake constrained to zero, ii) unconstrained sterol and unsatured fatty acids uptake, iii) TCA cycle split up into two branches, and iv) quinone-mediated reactions constrained to zero (Table 3).
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