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However, existing mixture models are constrained by assuming an known number of sub-populations.
The magnitude of the maximum horizontal stress (Shmax) is constrained by assuming that the ratio of the maximum to minimum effective stress cannot exceed that required to cause faulting on an optimally oriented pre-existing fault (Sibson 1974).
We find that in 1/4 of the space of allowed values of minor allele frequencies and haplotype frequencies at a pair of loci, the unconstrained maximum r2 allowing for the possibility of recombination between the loci exceeds the constrained maximum assuming that no recombination has occurred.
The network was constrained by assuming that base substitutions exhibited no homoplasy, but allowing homoplasy for insertions or deletions.
In discrete models, the variables are constrained to assuming only integer multiples of a certain unit.
However, the constrains assumed by existing works in [18] that the transmission rate of each channel is identical and the time slot allocation scheme is fixed with half time to receive and the other half to transmit are not always applicable in terms of the time-varying channel condition in practical wireless network environment.
And for purposes of making his ruling, Judge Berman said he was "constrained to assume" that the plaintiff's allegations were true -- that the New York law is economic protectionism.
A reaction is deemed up- or downregulated if it is constrained to assume flux values significantly above or below its steady-state before the genetic manipulations.
Although nitrate concentrations in the Permian oceans are poorly constrained, we assumed that the total N concentration (∑N = NO3 – + HNO3 (aq) + N2 (aq)) in the initial seawater was 15 μmol/L based on the vertical NO3 − profile in the modern oceans (Lam et al. 2009) and on the estimated water depth of the sedimentary environment of the Mudstone Unit at Chaotian (>150 m deep) (Saitoh et al. 2013a).
Because the eruptive histories of most volcanoes in Southeast Asia are poorly constrained, we assume that volcanoes with similar morphologies have had similar eruption histories.
By constraining cycles and assuming "no more boom and bust" (as your current government did) you end up with a very large bust – and I am sure that I do not need more events like the recent crisis to prove the point.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com