This is in contrast to more prototypical GPCRs, such as the β2-adrenoceptor, and may potentially explain the toleration of constitutive activity documented here, in addition to the specificity of the RXFP1 complex for PDE4D3, over the preference of a β2-adrenoceptor/AKAP79/β-arrestin 2 complex for PDE4D5 (Bolger et al, 2003; Lynch et al, 2005; Willoughby et al, 2007).
The documented constitutive hypermutation of Ramos re-VH and MYC14 predict that AID selectively targets these two distinct loci for deamination.
In contrast to renal cell cancer, there is no documented constitutive activation of the VEGF pathway in breast cancer.
An earlier study, however, has documented constitutive IL-8 mRNA in purified B-CLL cells obtained from 17 patients [ 31].
Studies have documented constitutive IL-1β protein production in human and animal cancer cell lines including sarcomas and ovarian and transitional cell carcinomas.
Previous studies documented that constitutive ocular expression of FasL maintained immune privilege and prevented neoangeogenesis.
Our data indicate that increased virulence of the MGAS5005Δsrv strain is due to the constitutive production of SpeB documented in vitro.
Prior to IFNγ stimulation and in striking contrast to the vast differences in constitutive cell surface expression documented by flow cytometry (Figure 2 and Table 2), transcripts of HLA-A*02, -A*03, -B*27 and -C*02 were expressed at similar levels (ratios: 1.6 2.0) (Figure 5A).
It has been well documented that the constitutive activation of AKT contributes to tumor progression, and regulates several downstream targets (e.g., p53 and BCL-2).
For a brief discussion of the notion of constitutive luck see the following supplementary document: Constitutive Luck.
To document the extent of the constitutive response in the phosphomimic lines, we next analyzed other cytokinin-regulated traits in wild-type ARR1 and phosphomimic ARR1 expressing lines.
