In many states, just what constitutes "religious exemption" is hazy.
But the increase in the number of people finding faith communities via social media platforms provokes the question of what constitutes religious experience and whether "friending" a church online is at all similar to worshiping at one.
In some countries of the Middle East (e.g., Israel and Iran), lay judges constitute religious courts and are selected for service on the basis of their knowledge of and fidelity to nonsecular rules and laws.
Examining the circumstances of the Bible readings and prayers in the schools in Pennsylvania and Maryland, the court found that they constituted religious exercises and were therefore unconstitutional under the establishment clause.
Newdow, an atheist, filed suit alleging that, because the Pledge contains the words under God, it constitutes religious indoctrination of his child in violation of the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.
At oral argument, counsel for the University indicated that the regulation would not bar discussion of biblical texts under circumstances that did not constitute "religious worship". Tr. of Oral Arg. 9.
The federal district and appellate judges who refused to let Trump's revised travel ban stand recognized this when they, rather unusually, pointed to his own campaign statements about Muslims to reason that the executive order, which does not mention Muslims, nevertheless constituted religious discrimination.
Regarding (3), we must distinguish between Otto's androcentric claim that his type of numinous experience constitutes religious experience at its most profound, and the rich variegation of religious and mystical experience of men throughout history.
Opponents of the new requirement contend that it constitutes religious discrimination.
Experiences and the way that the world around us makes us feel constitutes religious experience.
