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This impossibility, required by the constitutive essence of the mental, is ruled out by (4*), constituting a reductio of (2) and (3).
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This is a bullet Carruthers bites, although for many it constitutes a reductio of his view (a response Carruthers would certainly regard as question-begging).
Dworkin's concern is a kind of logical slippery slope objection that that he takes to constitute a reductio of MacKinnon's view.
That, if right, would surely constitute a reductio ad absurdum of the whole idea of reference-level propositions.
This, however, does not constitutes a reductio.
Unger was happy to take these results to be philosophical discoveries, but they are so counterintuitive that most theorists hold that they form a reductio of his theory.
For some this is a reductio of Protestantism itself, the empty climax of that terrible experiment not to recognise any authority outside of one's own heart.
Some may take this as a reductio of Conditional Reflexivity.
Many theorists find this denial to amount to a reductio of the view.
Taking this as a reductio of skepticism obviously would do little to assuage the worries of the committed skeptic.
W. V. Quine insists that the student's elimination argument is only a reductio ad absurdum of the supposition that the student knows that the announcement is true (rather than a reductio of the announcement itself).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com