Sentence examples for constituted restraint from inspiring English sources

To be sure, brokers' commissions have been entirely negotiable since 1950 when, in a case called United States v. National Association of Real Estate Boards (predecessor to the current National Association of Realtors), the Supreme Court ruled that fixed commission schedules constituted restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Other antitrust specialists said that even setting noncompeting dates for auctions seemed to constitute restraint of trade, but that if it were done openly a jury might conclude that it was done without guilty intent.

This wide range partly reflects varying definitions for what constitutes restraint, different populations studied, and different countries with differences in legislation and practice.

In Swift & Co. v. United States (1905), for example, the Supreme Court held that a price-fixing scheme among Chicago meat packers constituted a restraint of interstate commerce and was therefore illegal under the federal Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)—because the local meatpacking industry was part of a larger "current of commerce among the States".

That court ruled in September 2015 that the NCAA's ban on compensating athletes for use of their names and images in TV broadcasts and video games constituted a restraint of trade under federal antitrust law.

Cole will continue to contest his guilt on the grounds that the rule on illegal approaches constitutes a restraint of trade.

Each party may have a different notion about what constitutes a restraint and how it can be safely used, adding further weight to the burden shouldered by staff.

Last year, Judge Nicholas G. Garaufis of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York ruled that prohibiting merchants from steering customers toward other forms of payment constituted "an unlawful restraint on trade".

Pursuant to this statute, courts have condemned commercial stratagems that constitute unreasonable restraints on competition, among them "tying arrangements" and "exclusive dealing" contracts.

The law constitutes "classic prior restraint on speech," said Ann Beeson, staff lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union.

Collusion in setting the commissions would constitute an illegal restraint of trade under the Sherman Antitrust Act.