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Early film critic Siegfried Kracauer taught us to attend seriously to film fantasies, however hackneyed, because they constitute collective daydreams that reveal secret hopes.
What will constitute collective memory in communities without a history?What is certain is that African cities will be the most informal economies in the world in 2013.
"House demolitions constitute collective punishment, and are contrary to both international law and the basic precept of Israeli law that a person must not be punished for the acts of others," say the group.
In the players' letter to Nelson, they said that they agreed to engage in mediation under the services of the federal court as long as the N.F.L. agreed not to use the players' willingness to use a mediator against them by arguing that such efforts "constitute collective bargaining or otherwise arise out of a labor relationship".
The idea behind this criticism is that such intentions presuppose rather than constitute collective intentionality (cf. Schmid 2005; Petersson 2007).
Israeli officials justify these curfews as necessary security measures, but human rights observers like B'Tselem say curfews constitute collective punishment — a violation of international law.
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The activists say the blockade constitutes collective punishment and is illegal.
But critics say the blockade constituted collective punishment against Gaza's population of more than 1.5 million.
B'Tselem say: "The policy of demolishing the family homes of attackers constitutes collective punishment, which is prohibited under international law".
The group contended that the cuts "deliberately violate the rights of civilians in Gaza" and constituted "collective punishment" in violation of international law by "deliberately targeting civilians".
Mr Vanhanen's statement follows a statement from Switzerland on Monday saying that some of Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip constituted collective punishment, an activity forbidden under the 1949 Geneva conventions.
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