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With respect to one item of the extrinsic scale, differences in country specific working conditions of the teaching profession turned out to constitute bias.
The process of reaching a conclusion results in bias and opinions, once formed, constitute bias.
Although this would not constitute bias, it would mean that the make-up of the review panel for a paper would affect its score, independently of its scientific merit – an undesirable result.
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For all participants and females whose relatives were interviewed, risks of HM death were comparable with those of their respective entire sets (irrespective of whether relative interviewed; see Table 3), suggesting that those with relatives interviewed did not constitute biased samples.
One use is legitimate, one use constitutes bias.
But no doubt many conservatives will argue that the report itself is biased (any document or article that reaches a conclusion that conservatives don't like now constitutes "bias") and being pumped up by a liberal media elite intent on blemishing the GOP's Alaskan beauty queen.
Older children were less likely to have been given formula feed (χ trend test, 1 year age intervals, P=0.001) but no more likely to have been breastfed (P=0.181); it is unclear whether this constitutes bias or a shift in feeding habits.
For journalists, that story is more than good reading – it's a cautionary tale: the moment we buy into Trump's notions about what constitutes biased versus unbiased coverage, we buy into the logic of a master propagandist.
The department also will be required to develop more specific policies on what constitutes biased policing and better reporting when such episodes do occur.
On the other hand, preconception might constitute a bias.
As retention is the subject of our review, and retention of participants is the primary outcome, attrition from the trials does not constitute a bias and has not been included in the 'Risk of bias' tables.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com