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These results provide strong evidence that constituents' perceptions regarding the propriety of their MP's expenses claims do respond to publicly available information.
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Yet, it is not the case that constituent perceptions of MP misconduct are overwhelmingly accurate.
This allows us to examine whether constituent perceptions of MP conduct are influenced by public information concerning this conduct.
First, while ignorance and bias about representative misconduct exist, these do not dominate voter perceptions, and information about representatives clearly influences constituent perceptions.
First, in terms of the perceptions step of electoral accountability, constituent perceptions of MP expenses-related misconduct were clearly responsive to publicly available information about MP behaviour.
Regression analysis can provide firmer evidence for the finding that constituent perceptions of MP conduct differ depending on whether the MP was publicly implicated in the scandal.
Turning to sanctions, we find that constituent perceptions do not translate strongly into electoral punishment: few voters punish their MP for perceived misbehaviour.
We add to the understanding of the impact of the expenses scandal by using voter-level panel data to explicitly and separately test the link between MP involvement and constituent perceptions on the one hand and that between constituent perceptions and vote choice on the other.
As a result, we are able to separately and directly test whether constituent perceptions of MP misconduct respond to public information about that MP, and then whether constituents electorally sanction MPs based on these perceptions.
Thus, our central finding, that public information about an MP's expenses claims has a substantive influence on constituent perceptions of those claims, is robust to alternative measures of public implication.
20 To interpret the magnitude of the effect of MP implication in the expenses scandal on constituent perceptions, in Fig. 1 we plot predicted probabilities based on Model 3. We hold all continuous variables at their mean and categorical variables at their mode.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com