MRJP4 (NM_001011610.1) and 5 (NM_001011599.1) were constantly expressed at higher levels in Apis mellifera at all three stages.
Relative quantification was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt algorithm a convenient method to analyze the relative changes in gene expression which requires the assignment of one or more housekeeping genes (assumed to be uniformly and constantly expressed in all samples, as well as one or more reference samples).
Assuming that the expression pattern of the POR superfamily is similar across Clostridia, these findings suggest that the POR enzyme is constantly expressed under anaerobic conditions as opposed to the CO-induced CODH (Sawers and Böck 1989Knappe and Sawers 1990).
Here, we identified constantly expressed housekeeping genes, such as eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2, which is expressed in all tissues without significant difference in expression levels.
The authors could also have measured mRNA levels for a constantly expressed protein in all cells, such as actin, throughout fin regeneration as a further control.
Expression of tub2 gene encoding β-tubulin that was previously evaluated to be constitutively and constantly expressed in C. rosea[ 46] was used as a housekeeping gene to normalise target gene data.
The constantly expressed transcripts include those previously validated and used as endogenous controls for qRT-PCR assays such as gene BMC11678 (Bm1_09760, which encodes U2 auxiliary factor 65 kDa subunit) and gene BMC02280 (which encodes NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1) [ 8].
Surprisingly, in transgenic chickens derived from donor PGCs with a piggyBac GFP transgene, various organs such as intestine, heart, and liver constantly expressed GFP without tissue-specific transgene silencing.
Their expression is balanced by the promoters being constantly expressed gearbox promoters.
Another 33.8% of signatures were constantly expressed, defined by Meyers et al. (2004) [ 24] as those signatures with a summed abundance within a two-fold range (expression ratio <2).
