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When the seal is in steady running state at a constant seal gap, the closing force Fc generated by the spring and pressurized seal gas would balance with the opening force Fo, the following equation is obtained: F_{text{o}} = F_{text{c}} = F_{text{sp}} + F_{text{sta}} (3).
Such a population would decline immediately from its current level without any increase (Figure 3). Figure 5 shows the relative contributions of increased seal predation, reduced salinity and high fishing mortality to the reduction in cod spawner biomass from the level corresponding to the reference scenario, i.e. constant seal predation and salinity and fishing mortality at Fmp.
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A constant volume sealed chamber is the controlled object.
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As we entered the shallows, the engines of the boat were cut and the air filled with the purrs and grrrrs, snivels and sneezes of seal pups – a constant murmur beneath the barks and snorts of their parents, who lolloped along the water's edge.
A new test bench, which is able to measure the radial force exerted by a rod seal displaced at constant velocity on a sensorized portion of a cylinder rod over time, was designed and manufactured.
The autoclave was sealed at a constant temperature of 200 °C for 18 h.
Weight at age, maturation and natural mortality due to other reasons than seal predation were assumed constant in projections because functional relationships describing their variability are unknown [37].
When there is a seal, the phase is constant near −90° at low frequencies.
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