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It's like a constant penalty shoot-out – the kind of pressure under which our top footballers often go to pieces.
The first problem is solved by a simple and general construction that incurs only a small, constant penalty.
The purpose of the penalty function p(C,I) is to avoid unused palette colours by adding a constant penalty value to the error for each entry in the codebook that is not used in the resulting picture.
In a penalty-based technique, a constant penalty s0 is included in the denominator of the t-statistic.
(In difference to the algorithm given in [ 1], the algorithm described in [ 5] besides the usual weight substitution matrix and gap-open and gap-extension penalties, requires an additional parameter - constant penalty for each difference block).
The use of constant penalty parameters to select variables in SPLS leads to the following undesirable results [ 28, 29]: The contribution of the informative variables with large absolute penalty parameters, which are above the soft-threshold, may be diminished.
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More importantly, we observe and report that DG methods with constant penalties seriously slow down fluid diffusion at later times.
Gap penalties of profiles (consensus of sequences) are calculated in the same way as Kalign2 but ESPSGP will be used instead of the constant gap penalty.
Finally, a constant gap penalty C f is applied to fusion transitions in which t i aligns to G/ G′ and t j aligns to S/ S′.
In addition to the torsion angle and real-value SA term, we will introduce a new variable gap-penalty model to replace the original constant gap-penalty model.
It was a scrappy game with constant scrum penalties interrupting the flow, and having lost two men to the sin bin the hosts will be delighted that Northampton left with nothing.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com