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These tool pin profiles were designed based on its static and dynamic constant areas from best suitable cylindrical profile.
Additionally, polygonal pin profiles were generating defects such as voids, tunnel, cracks and fragmental defects irrespective of its static and dynamic constant areas.
Some easy interpretations can be made for simple examples: constant areas are characterized by λ 1 = λ 2 ≈ 0, straight edges are such that λ 1 ≫ λ 2 ≈ 0, their orientation being that of e 2, corners yield λ 1 ≥ λ 2 ≫ 0. The coherency c of the local image is measured by the ratio c = λ 1 − λ 2 λ 1 + λ 2, large coherency reveals anisotropy in the texture.
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Nonlinear solutions for nonsteady constant area flow and introduction to Riemann invariants.
The increased unit pressure multiplied by a nearly constant area gives a greater load capacity.
Lm had little influence on λ; however, longer constant area sections resulted in higher pc,crit.
Interfacial spallation of a constant area fraction was stipulated to occur only at the thickest portions.
In this work, three geometrical factors – the area ratio between the nozzle and constant area section (rA), nozzle exit position (NXP) and constant area section length (Lm) – were considered.
The optimal ratio of the diameter of constant area mixing section to the steam nozzle throat diameter is about 3.4 and the optimal ratio of length to diameter of constant area mixing section L/Dm is 6.
The streamlined extrusion die is designed based on the principle of constant area reduction over the length of the die.
The device consists of a convergent divergent (C D) nozzle followed by a constant area mixing duct.
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