This position is consistent with the translation initiation site reported for Arabidopsis (upward arrow at position 588 in Figure 2), but is in contrast to a previous report [ 12] that predicted the maize monofunctional SDH transcript used a TATA box at the end of exon 15 and initiated translation near the beginning of exon 16.
Consistent with this, the translation inhibitor 4E-BP1, whish is phosphorylated by CDK1 in mitosis, is not detectably phosphorylated in G2 (Heesom et al., 2001).
Consistent with this notion, translation of both Cdk1 and p53 mRNAs is IRES-dependent [ 27- 29] whereas p53 mRNA is efficiently translated under conditions of increased eIF2αP in spite of the general inhibition of protein synthesis [ 30].
These apparent sizes are consistent with the translation of one protein from the ATG codon (119 amino acids) and one from the CUG codon starting at position 169 (93 amino acids) described in this study.
It is important to recognize that the results presented above, while all consistent with the translation conflict hypothesis, do not exclude the possibility that AUA codon usage may be reduced for reasons unrelated to the CAU anticodon in tRNAMet.
The patterns of ribosome protection are consistent with the translation of short peptides.
The sequence surrounding the first AUG is 5′-UCGUCGAUGG-3′, which is partially divergent from KOZAK consensus (5′-gccRccAUGG-3′) (34 ) and thus consistent with the translation of the second ORF of the mRNA.
In Patient 9, carrying the mitochondrial DNA variant m.7444G>A, consistent with the translation result, we confirmed the aberrant migration of COXI whilst the other mitochondrial-encoded proteins were normal (Fig. 3; Table 3).
Consistent with this prediction the translation of 190 smORFs has been detected in one such experiment in zebrafish (Bazzini et al., 2014).
Consistent with this prediction, RAN translation has recently been reported in two additional disorders: fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) (24) and C9ORF72 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) (25– 25).
