Unfortunately without a close outgroup it is impossible to confirm whether we are dealing with insertions or perfect deletions, except for LTR elements, where we can determine the age of the elements by considering the divergence between the long terminal repeats – they are identical on insertion of the element.
Considering the divergence between C. canephora and the model dicotyledonous plant genomes studied in this work, we expected a higher degree of microcollinearity between the Rubiaceae and the Solanaceae families than between Asterid and the distantly related Rosid clades.
Also the level of conserved synteny within the individual blocks (synteny quality) between the Prunus BACs and Populus was strikingly high considering the divergence between these two genomes 99 million years ago [ 32].
The above results are unchanged when we consider the divergence between S. cerevisiae and the ancestral sequence in the common ancestor with S. paradoxus (see supplementary data, Supplementary Material online) rather than KA from the S. cerevisiae– S. mikatae comparison.
This is a very important observation, because all molecular alterations found by previous studies in the diseased myocardium were averaged values for the whole heart and did not consider the divergence between individual cardiomyocytes.
It remains to be tested whether primers developed based on North European fish will work satisfactorily across all stickleback populations from the Northern hemisphere, considering the divergence between European populations [ 58] and even more so between the Atlantic and the Pacific clades [ 67].
Considering the divergence of gonadal activity between male (consistently active spermatogenesis) and female (cyclicity, controlled conversion between discrete reproductive states) mammals, this is perhaps not a surprising result.
Considering the divergence in color pattern between our delimited species, this, perhaps coupled with some behavioral cues, seems a likely method of mate choice for these visual predators, but also one easily disrupted by transient changes in the environment e.g. [ 78].
Considering the divergence time between T. c. marinkellei and T. c. cruzi (~6.5-8.5 ~6.5-8.5- 12]), reMYAkably few absolute gene differences were present.
The maximal time for arthropod terrestrialization was considered as the divergence between insects (Insecta) and crustaceans (Crustacea).
Again, this level of variation is surprisingly low if we consider that the divergence between sections Olea (O. europaea) and Ligustroides (O. woodiana) is estimated to be between 14 and 22 million years (My; [ 29]).
