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(15) s = A k Q ˜ k A m Q ˜ m − 1 When, following [ 31], neutrality is introduced by considering a fraction of neutral substitutions, α, in all possible single substitutions, then Q ˜ m = { q + (1 − q ) α } ν, where ν is the sequence length and q the per digit quality factor.
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In the original American constitution there was an amendment where people of colour were considered a fraction of a human being in terms of tabulating the population to determine the number of representatives in Congress.
Hence, we consider a fraction of R/(1 + R) mutations to be transitions and the rest transversions (Zhang et al. 1998) in determining to which of the above four categories a site belongs.
The constant c was introduced in order to also measure the consequences of only considering a fraction, rather than all, of the mean secular variation to better assess its usefulness for the purpose of extrapolating the field over the next five years.
This may seem high, especially considering only a fraction of that money goes directly to the person in need, but even its current state, that number is roughly only half the $20,000 that a period of homelessness may cost society.
Lipsitch allowed for more targeted effects of interventions by considering that a fraction of exposed susceptible hosts had received prophylaxis, with variable efficacy against infection and clinical disease [7].
This can be balanced by considering only a fraction of the genome and/or by pooling samples.
Considering that a fraction of cold-sensing afferent fibres are polymodal and also activated by mechanical stimuli (Abrahamsen et al, 2008; Zimmermann et al, 2007, 2009), these data suggest that, despite the loss of the cold transductor in these sensory endings, oxaliplatin affects the general excitability of these neurons rather than a unique action on TRPM8 channels.
In this stage, by considering a volume fraction of 1 % for the nanotubes, their length could be varied from 300 to 1000 nm.
Consider just a fraction of what transpired.
There are now 2,325 homes, buildings and other sites in Queens considered landmarks — a fraction of those in Manhattan and Brooklyn, which have 11,350 and 9,500, respectively, but far more than the 36 the borough had in 1993.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com