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In the new study, at least 90% of vaccinated and unvaccinated girls did not seek pregnancy tests, chlamydia tests or birth control counseling, markers that were considered surrogates for sexual activity during up to three years of follow-up.
On the other hand, these particular ecological systems could be considered surrogates for areas of high endemism.
Because we averaged collections across years, our measures of Cx. quinquefasciatus clustering cannot be considered surrogates of mosquito dispersal.
In primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), biochemical criteria at 1 year are considered surrogates of response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).
SNPs were considered surrogates for cancer-associated SNPs for each ancestral group if the r ≥0.60, the inter-marker distance ≤200kb, and the MAF ≥0.05.
Clinical features considered surrogates for BRCAness within these trials (for example, TNBC or HGSC) might not have been sufficiently specific in predicting response to PARP inhibitors.
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Instead, most studies have considered surrogate endpoints [ 80].
Serum antibody titers, mainly those determined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or virus neutralization (VN) assays, or both, are considered surrogate measures of protection.
Nitric oxide is converted to nitrites and nitrates, thus nitrite and nitrate levels (NOx) in serum are considered surrogate markers for nitric oxide.
Although coexpression does not imply direct physical interaction, the highly correlated genes in a module can be considered surrogate markers of one another and of the same underlying transcriptional process.
However, these studies only considered surrogate measures of adiposity, such as BMI or waist circumference, when assessing the relationship between adiponectin and IR, which may account for the discrepant findings.
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