A(r n ) thus represents the measured radial activity profile across the considered sphere averaged over all directions.
Therefore, to address the shape effect on the materials properties of these metals at the nanoscale [7, 8], the following shapes have been considered: sphere, tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, decahedron, dodecahedron, truncated octahedron, cuboctahedron, and icosahedron.
Because we may want to consider spheres of different sizes, we change our weight to be 1/(4pi)l, based on geometry.
In order to compute the performance gain of diffuse structured light quantitatively, we consider spheres as they have all surface normals.
This paper presents the results of a study comparing BLCs developed by NASA and the DoD for velocities up to 4 km/s considering spheres, cubes, and a "flake" shape that was proposed within NASA's Standard Breakup Model to represent orbital debris.
Instead of searching for clusters in consecutive stretches of the amino-acid sequence, we would have to consider spheres with varying radii centered around the mutations in the protein.
These dimensions showed complex inter-relationships and were situated within a social ecology framework, considering spheres of influence from the individual through to group, neighbourhood and broader societal levels.
Additionally, although the ecological model of social vulnerability considers spheres of influence at group (family, peer) and community (institutions, neighbourhoods, and society) levels, all measures were based on individual-level data.
Therefore, they cannot be considered perfect spheres and caused transport issues.
Fluid molecules were considered hard spheres interacting with each other and with the pore wall through square-well potentials.
