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Since firm size is a commonly considered proxy for the quantity and quality of information available about a firm (e.g., Barry and Brown 1984; Atiase 1985; Bhushan 1989; Bhattacharya et al. 2013), we further investigate the effects of information asymmetry on short-term financing by splitting our sample into small and large firms.
The lack of significance of hospitalization in the narrower model could be attributed to the exclusion of the past high utilizers which can be also considered proxy for high cost hospitalization.
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As such, variations in lithic technology cannot be considered proxies for hominin demographic changes during the LMP.
These firm characteristics could be considered proxies for productivity, which in turn could determine the wages that individuals receive.
As speed limits in Denmark may be considered proxies for the location of the accident inside or outside urban areas, it should be noted that the current results are different from recent findings of negative correlation between accident severity and bus involvement in both urban and rural roads in Greece [32].
In wave analyses such as this, the latter which are the most difficult to obtain are considered proxies for non-respondents [ 15].
Whereas the proxy-based approach considers proxy values for N-retention, the model-based approach accounts for event-driven dynamic input data such as the extent of the inundated floodplain and incoming loads.
Similarly, intraoperative rhythm disturbance was considered a proxy for sub-optimal hemodynamic control as we considered this to be potentially related to inadequate tissue perfusion.
Study date can be considered a proxy for potential changes over time in (background) medical care and other contextual factors that influence the treatment effects.
IHC for p53 was considered a proxy for mutations, where both the null phenotype (0) and strongly positive (2) were considered abnormal [ 30].
The company is considered a proxy for the American economy because it handles half of all packages sent.
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