Mostly to simplify the problem in the literature, number of commodity and levels of services are considered as single commodity and level, but in every system a variety of commodity and services (levels of network) can be found.
In the current industry in which so many products and services are considered as a commodity, their capability to add value to a product or service is an absolute necessity (Brooks 2003).
Because drug and medicine are considered as strategic commodity in all around the world, minimizing the total cost of pharmaceutical supply chain is not the entire objective and achieving a robust supply chain design is more important than having the least cost network.
And brands like Toshiba and Lenovo can't afford to be considered as providing a commodity after this class of products has been hyped to the moon.
We identify the data by their destinations, that is, all data with the same destination are considered as a single commodity, regardless of its source.
According to the different channels, they can be truly high quality niche products that gain price premiums over their generic substitutes or may be considered almost as commodities where price competition is definitely intense (Sckokai et al. 2013; Carbone et al. 2014).
Although Chinese manufacturers are considered as latecomers or followers in global commodity chains, they have also been experiencing rapid progress in upgrading performance from own equipment manufacturing (OEM), original design manufacturing (ODM) to own brand manufacturing (OBM).
Thus r i is considered as the adjustment speed of the price of commodity i.
Tautliner vehicles can be considered as general purpose vehicles, while the other vehicles are used for commodities with specific constraints (handling, temperature, safety, etc).
Lignocellulosic plant biomass is generally considered as the most promising renewable feedstock for bioproduction of transportation fuels and commodity chemicals, without alimentary competition [ 2, 3].
We considered two commodities: health (H) and other commodities (Z2).
