Fund allocation in the Dictator Game is considered a real-life test of altruism since it involves a 'put your money where your mouth is' decision where giving to another is both costly and not subject to strategic considerations of reciprocity; this is particularly the case when "Dictator" and "Recipient" identities are made anonymous [4].
(theta _{i}) is the importance player i gives to reciprocity considerations.
Fragmented planning renders consideration to the reciprocity which exists between the historic fabric, the townscape and the natural environment difficult.
An additional, practical consideration against interpreting the Reciprocity Principle to apply depending on the participant's intention is the difficulty in ascertaining a participant's intention and so in concluding whether there are reciprocal obligations.
Interestingly, the drop in prosocial behavior with increasing costs was less pronounced when participants had been helped before suggesting that norms of reciprocity override cost considerations.
However, without further specification and information on how to balance reciprocity against competing considerations, it is impossible to determine whether Net Instance implies that sometimes there is a stronger prima facie reason to benefit a participant who has borne a substantial net risk or burden through participating, over a needier non-participant.
Some theorists argue that careful consideration of notions such as reciprocity, coercion, or fair terms of co-operation mandate that we give special weighting to the interests of compatriots.
Failure to fulfil the obligation of reciprocity, or to show consideration for others' feelings and emotional responses, is regarded as "an immoral act and thus a violation of renqing ethics," he says.The burden imposed by renqing is a painfully public one, since the giving is done publicly.
This reciprocity of respect, trust and consideration does not gloss over differences but entails careful and deliberate attention to the situatedness of partners, including explicit attention to differences in culture and life experience.
While providing reciprocal benefits to participants unduly induce people into becoming participants, reciprocity should be understood as giving a prima facie reason, which can be overridden by competing considerations.
