We stress, however, that this hypothesis is not mutually exclusive from genetic, geographic, and time-based explanations for the degree of divergence, and these factors may interact to affect diversification (see discussion for consideration of causality).
The considerations on causality were based solely on the literature data of longitudinal studies and on the theoretical basis of the hope concept.
28 Based on the Bradford Hill considerations on causality, 21 a causation score was developed and used to systematically evaluate the evidence of a causal link between knee joint loading during walking and structural progression of knee OA.
Using the Hill criteria or considerations for causality, we found limited evidence for strength of association and consistency.
However, the cross-sectional design of this study precludes consideration of the causality of these relationships.
We live in a new dark ages where there's a dangerous lack of consideration of psychological causality," Leader says over tea in his consulting room in central London.
In response to recent inferences that diisocyanates may be causal of short- and long-term neurological deficits, we provide a systematic review of the available literature of human data, with consideration of causal association based on the Hill considerations for causality.
The longitudinal design enabled consideration of direction of causality and reduced measurement bias.
In particular, the criticism of Fisher (1959) concerning the conclusions drawn from the British Doctors Study by Doll and Bradford Hill (1954) initiated a detailed consideration of the concept of causality that led to the famous presidential address by Bradford Hill to the Section of Occupational Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1965.
A multiplicity of considerations bear upon the establishment of causality and, especially regarding birth defects, epidemiological inference relies on input from a variety of other disciplines.
Alternatives to the use of Hill's considerations for assessing causality for toxicologic data have been discussed (Gray et al. 2001; Guzelian et al. 2005; Weed 2005).
