Under the statute, consideration of costs comes in at the next stage, when individual states develop their plans for complying with the standards.
Consideration of costs and technical feasibility are supposed to come in at the second phase, he said, that of deciding how and on what schedule the standards should be put into effect.
The appeals court had not addressed the question because it was bound by one of its own precedents, a 1980 decision holding that the Clean Air Act barred consideration of costs at the standard-setting stage.
Gary Gensler, the agency's chairman, recently defended the process, saying, "It is important to point out that each of our final rules includes a careful consideration of costs and benefits".
Cost is another concern, although the section of the Clean Air Act relevant to the new rule does not permit consideration of costs in agency deliberations over such regulations.
In accordance with the paradigm of value-based management, the consideration of costs, benefits and risks when deciding on an investment is necessary, plausible, and an accepted standard.
The guidance says schools should "give highest priority to the consideration of cost and quality for parents".
Firstly, donations may focus the public health community on interventions for which companies have cures – albeit donated ones – without sufficient consideration of cost effectiveness, opportunity cost or prioritisation.
The consideration of cost learning effects moves optimal investment timings to earlier planning years and influences the competitiveness of technologies.
